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Sakae Yamamoto. Hirohiko Mori. Editors : Sakae Yamamoto, Hirohiko Mori. Publisher : Springer Cham. Series ISSN : Edition Number : 1. Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Editors: Sakae Yamamoto 0 , Hirohiko Mori 1. View editor publications. Conference proceedings info: HCII Buying options eBook EUR Price includes VAT Finland.

Softcover Book EUR Learn about institutional subscriptions. Table of contents 29 papers Search within book Search. Page 1 Navigate to page number of 2. Front Matter Pages i-xxvi. Recommender Systems Front Matter Pages Hodges, Fehmi Neffati Pages The struc- ture of the ACs is shown in Figure 4: it is clear that there are many possible sources for the inputs to the compara- tors and that, like the ADC, it is possible for them to operate together in window mode.

The analog comparators can trig- ger interrupts or events, and a hysteresis can be set to reduce sensitivity to noise. A digital filter is also available, again to control noise sensitivity. Like the ADC, the AC can be configured to operate con- tinuously or, to conserve power, to carry out a single comparison. More on the AC can be found starting on page of the datasheet.

The AC in practice We will now look at a quick project to demonstrate the analog comparator. The two potentiometers are con- nected as shown in Figure 5, most con- veniently, as shown in Figure 6, using a breadboard. The potentiometers are wired as voltage dividers so that a variable volt- age from 0 V to 3. The default settings basically cover the selection of the clock source: in this case the source is GCLK generator 0, which also drives the CPU and hence does not need to be enabled separately.

The longest and most important config- uration function is the one that sets up channel 0 of the comparator and the required input pins see Listing 3 [2] and the code is rather more complex. We do not need the second channel for our project, as we only want to compare two voltages. Using the dot operator we then populate several of the mem- bers of the structure with the values we require.

As its name indicates, the first variable deter- mines the direction of the pin whether it is an input or an output : in this case we use the symbolic constant shown to configure it as an input.

The second vari- able determines the function of the pin. This interrupt service routine ISR is called every time an analog comparison com- pletes and triggers its interrupt. The ISR contains the most important part of the program, taking the form of a switch-case statement, which, depending on the result of the comparison operation, turns LEDO on the Xplained Pro board on or off. The command returns a bit mask of the chan- nel flags: 10, if the voltage on P1 AINO is greater than that on P2, and 12 if itis lower.

In the second case LEDO is turned on: note that the output is active low. The advantage of using the on-board LED is that we do not have to configure its pin manually, as it is automatically config- ured for us. Again, we simply require a pointer to the instance structure for the AC and the symbolic constant to specify the channel to be used.

Now we come at last to the main function, which begins by initializing the micro- controller and then calling the configura- tion functions we have described above. The infinite loop is empty, as from this point on all the work is done in the calls to the ISR described above: after each call to the ISR, it starts the next comparison which will in turn trig- ger the ISR again. Thus, after the inter- rupt is triggered for the first time, the code effectively runs in an infinite loop of interrupts.

This circuit with two potentiometers allows the analog comparators to be tested. A DAC converts a digital value into an analog voltage, the opposite function to the ADC, and is often used in audio applications. On the left of the block diagram you can see a number of registers, mostly to do with the configuration of the DAC, which we will not examine here in detail. We will however mention that the data reg- Figure 6. The two potentiometers on a breadboard.

If required, the two registers work ona first-in-first-out FIFO basis, so the most recently loaded data is not always con- verted immediately. Conversely, another peripheral within the microcontroller, such as a timer, can be used to trigger a START event that causes the DAC to initiate a conversion.

The block diagram shows the wide range of reference sources and output options. The arrangement of the DAC block. As with most of the peripheral blocks on the SAM D20 the DAC can receive its clock from a range of sources, and its clock must be synchronized with that of the internal data bus when a read or write operation occurs.

More on this can be found in the datasheet starting on page To get to know this peripheral a little bet- ter, we have developed a small exam- ple program using the polled variant of the ASF DAC library that generates a sinewave signal with an amplitude of 3. A piezo sounder can be connected as shown in Figure 8, or the waveform can be inspected using an oscilloscope.

Because of the low amplitude the sound from the piezo crystal is rather quiet: to improve matters it can be attached to a sound box. Now to the code in the main file. The lowest value is zero and the highest is , and so the full bit resolution of the DAC will be used. Then it is populated with default values, and then the dot operator is used to set the members of the structure to reflect the required settings. The second configuration function is even easier to understand.

The main function initializes the micro- controller and the SysTick timer needed for the delay function. The infinite loop is the core of the whole program. But, given that there are no delays in the code, why does it not run faster? It is simply the case that the DAC requires time to execute the write command. If the clock frequency is increased, or the sinewave table made shorter, a much higher output frequency can be achieved.

Conversely, if a delay is introduced into the for-loop, the output frequency will be reduced. With a little more work it would be possible to play music using the DAC, or it could be used, for example, as part of an analog circuit tester [6].

This installment of the course has looked at the important analog interfaces of the SAM D With the foundations now firmly in place, we will look in the next install- ment at an ambitious and exciting project using the SPI bus. The circuit consists of just the board and a piezo sounder. Web Links [1] www. The clean output signal of the DAC shown on an oscilloscope. They are quite a bit bigger than their silicon coun- terparts but still relatively effi- cient for a metal based device — at that time.

A selenium rectifier is made by sandwiching a thin layer of sele- nium between steel or aluminum plates which are then stacked like in Figure 1. The plate surface area determines the current capacity and the number of stacked plates determines the rectifier voltage rating. Each plate adds about 20 V to the reverse voltage so for example the rectifier in Figure 1 has a PIV peak inverse voltage rating of V because it has eight plates. Selenium rectifiers were used in power supplies quite a bit because they have a significant efficiency advantage over vac- uum tubes from that era.

For example, a V selenium rec- tifier will have a typical forward voltage drop of 5 V whereas a vacuum tube rectifier could have a drop of 10 to 25 V. The tube would also need some heating current which also reduces its efficiency. In a worst case scenario this can cause them to overheat and catch fire, releasing a toxic foul smelling smoke.

Many people say that the smoke has a garlic or onion smell to it. The 1Nx, 1Nx, and BYxxx series diodes are commonly used since they come in a wide range of voltages and a 1-amp rating is usually more than enough.

The numbering system was continued with their silicon counterparts. The easiest way to determine the resistance value is to divide your desired voltage drop 5 to 10 volts by the expected forward current. Also make sure that you use a resistor with a high enough wattage rating; 5-watt, ohm to ohm resistors are typically used. And when they do, it can take days for the smoke and foul smell to clear and the missus will be unhappy. However, if you want to stick to your guns there is a Selenium Rectifier Handbook [2] available if you want to learn more about them.

Creating Annotation Planes Before we can dimension our model we need somewhere to place them. DesignSpark Mechanical does this with annotation planes which are a flat surface in a design to store documen- tation information like dimensions. Annotation planes are just like regular planes because they can be aligned to an edge, line, axis or a combination of all three. The easy way to set up an annotation plane is to click on the Dimension tool in the Investigate menu tab and select the enclosure face with the connector cutout like in Figure 1.

The Dimension tool will highlight the line or face under the cursor and the associated plane as a wireframe rectangle to indicate where the plane would go. In this example you can see where the plane would go with the selected face but since the enclosure has tapered sides the annotation plane is slightly angled relative to the Z axis. Sometimes this is ok but if you wanted an annotation plane without the angle then we have to select an axis first. You use the Axis tool is in the Insert menu tab to create an axis for the annotation plane.

Connector cutout face. Then I used the Dimension tool to add the linear dimensions shown. Adding dimensions is really easy with the Dimension tool because most of the time you just have to click on the two elements that you want to measure.

The elements can be any point, line or face. If the elements are parallel with each other the Dimension tool will create a linear dimension that mea- sures the distance between them. Otherwise the Dimension tool will measure the angle between them. Once the dimen- sion is created then you can then place it with your mouse. Connector face annotation plane. Advertorial The Dimension tool is still active at this point so it will modify the measurement lines and arrows as necessary while you move the dimension around.

Another nice feature of the tool is that when only one element is selected it will display what the measurement would be as you mouse over other elements in the design. You can also easily add radius dimensions which only require one measurement point. The trick is that you have to click on the top, bottom, left or right portions of the arc.

Otherwise the Dimension tool will assume that you are trying to measure between two points. The lower left corner of Figure 3 also shows the option panel when the Dimension tool is active. Here is where you can set the dimension and reference orientations used by the Dimen- sion tool when adding new dimensions.

The default settings are all automatic but it makes sense to set the orientations you want if you were adding a large number of dimensions. Editing dimensions Dimensions in the model are also intelligent objects. This means that you can edit them at any time by clicking on them. For example, if you click on the dimension text it will be highlighted like in Figure 4. You adjust the size of the text by clicking on the small circles and moving them in the appropriate direction.

If you hover the mouse pointer over the dotted box then you can move the text. Right clicking on a dimension will open the floating toolbar shown in Figure 5.

Here is where you can add a note to the dimension, change the tolerance type, add a data field or insert symbols into the dimension text respectively. Other things like the arrow type can be set properties window. Dimensioned cutout. Modifying dimension text. Figure 5. Dimension toolbar. So far all of the dimensions have been in millimeters but if you wanted to change the measurement units you can go into the File menu, select DesignSpark Options and then click on Units.

Here you can change the units used for length, angles, mass, etc. You can also specify measurement precision. As you can see, all of the dimensions are contained to the one plane which makes them very easy to manipulate as a group.

For example, to disable displaying the dimensions you can clear the Annotation Plane checkbox in the model structure window. Conclusion The DesignSpark Mechanical Dimension tool is a really pow- erful way to add dimensions to a model. Dimensioned annotation plane. With adapter boards all you need do then is to connect these pins plus V.. All you need is a scrap of perfboard, an 8-pin IC socket and a 6-way header. You can even do without the LED and its series resistor, although having a visible check that the controller is powered up is a handy feature.

Figure 2 shows how the finished adapter board plugs into the programmer. Schematic of the adapter board which is really a minimalist version of a development board. Now we move on, making a homebrew mini development board and learning some additional Assembler commands. For our demo application we Shall program an electronic die. The Register contains a total of 14 bits, of which at this stage only four bits are relevant initially. In this training exercise the following two settings are used for these three bits.

In this mode an externally controlled oscillator is used. The frequency is deter- mined with an external crystal connected between pins 2 GP5 and 3 GP4.

This method enables you to have a clock rate of 20 MHz maximum. In this mode the internal oscilla- tor is activated, with a clock rate of 4 MHz. Finished adapter board, hooked up to the PICkit2 programmer.

Assignment of the bits in the Status Register. Status Register The Status Register is where we find information on arithmetic operations already carried out. Figure 3 shows the allocation of the individual Bits of the Register.

They are not used at all with the PIC12F Its function as already described in Part 1 is for toggling switching within the memory bank. The two bits TO and PD reveal how the last reset came about for further details see the data sheet [1]. In addition and subtraction the two LSBs indicate overflows that have arisen carry and borrow situations.

Option Register The Option Register enables other settings to be activated. An example is given in our demo application see below , where clearing Bit 7 activates the pull-up function for the inputs. Memory organization For programming in Assembler you need to be well-versed in the memory organization of the microcontroller being used. The data memory is where all the specific processor and appli- cation Registers are located. With the exception of the pre- defined Processor Register, the content of the data memory is undefined at switch-on.

Unlike program memory, the data memory is organized in the classic manner using Bytes each 8 bits long. A detailed representation of the memory map can be found starting on page 9 in the data Sheet [1].

In the similarly Byte-organized EEPROM you can store soft- ware values that will safely survive any reset or reboot we are dealing with non-volatile memory here. All the same, writing data too frequently should be avoided.

Other commands Next follows a description of the commands required for our demo project that are in addition to those already covered in the first part of this crash course. Incidentally you will find a handy list of all commands in the datasheets for every micro- controller from Microchip [1]. Our description begins by rounding off a command that we already used in Part 1. Figure 4 illustrates the flow diagram of the command. A complete Branching operation requires three commands see Figure 5.

Branch A Branch B Figure 4. Flow diagram for conditional branching. Sample code for conditional branching. Using these we can poll the status of individual Bits of a memory location and Branch off accordingly. These commands do not alter the content of the W Register nor of the memory location. Addition of a Constant to the W Register. The result is written either into the W Register Figure 7 or in memory position 20h Figure 8. The result is saved to the W Register. In the example shown in Figure 9 we first load the value 03h into the W Register, after which the Constant 10h is added.

The syntax is: elrr Tf and correspondingly for clrw Figure Prototype of our electronic die. Electronic dice Creating an electronic die or several dice, which as you know is technically the plural of the word die! Beyond this the die has nothing else to do with the USB interface.

You could power it just as easily using a wall-wart power supply or with three standard or rechargeable batteries connected in series. If you look closely at some real dice you will note that the spots on them are arranged in seven different positions.

The appearance of the individual numbers follows the scheme shown in Figure If you use LEDS to represent the spots, this will use up exactly four outputs of a microcontroller. If that Surprises you, here is how we do it: LEDs 6 and 7, 2 and 3 together with 4 and 5 are always lit or unlit together.

These pairs are therefore always controlled together by a single GPIO port pin. LED1 needs one control wire only, with R1 wired in series so that it does not light up brighter than the others. The numeric values of a die depicted. Schematic of an electronic die. To do our bit for energy-saving the 5 V from the USB port is dropped by around 0. If you are using three NiMH rechargeables 3 x 1. One more little tip: because of their higher forward voltage, blue and white LEDs will not work in this circuit.

The specification for these dice looks like this: At start-up reset the die should display a demonstration.

This demo is executed, displaying each of the counts 1 to 6 sequentially, until press button S1 is pressed. Bank 0 Figure Dice code: Initialization. The persistence of vision makes it looks as if value 7 is being displayed all LEDs illuminated. The rapid counting ceases when S1 is released.

The current count status is then displayed permanently. You're now ready to start. The firmware for the die is divided into two parts: the die and the display.

It goes without saying that a fair amount needs to be initialized following a reset or starting from scratch. In the code shown in Figure 13 you can see this configuration where we put marker 1. The four LEDS are con- nected to these four pins. GP2 is configures as an input that is used to poll the press button status. At marker 4 an external pull-up resistor for the press but- ton is made redundant. The internal pull-ups are not active by default, as they can consume up to HWA additional current.

Where it matters, you can then install a high-resistance external pull-up or if necessary, even an external pull-down. Following initialization the program jumps into the demo loop Figure The demo section is cancelled by press- ing Sl. Demo routine The demonstration routine in Figure 15 is very straightforward.

You will recognize six near-identical program segments for each numeric result. After a count is displayed, the software waits briefly for the next one. The main program now restarts. Now for the display routines. The code in this section Fig- ure 16 is particularly straightforward. There are six routines in total. In the demo section this short delay would not be required but it does not cause any further problem either.

Main program This section is constructed on the same lines as the demo routine. In the main program we also poll the current value of input GP2 and, once the button is pressed, continue counting and displaying the current figure, just as we did in the demo routine. The current status is dis- played permanently. This numeral is the result of throwing the die. You could for instance fade out the count slowly or flash the result, and only after this revert to the static display.

Actually you could omit this altogether. For test pur- poses you could slow down the running of the program enough to make visible how the figures are altered. As always, the software can be downloaded from the Elektor website [4]. Outlook With this we have reached the end of the second part of this Assembler course.

A couple of new commands have been described and we have shown how you can create working electronic dice with little effort. Quite complex applications can be achieved along the same lines. Hopefully it is now clear to you that Assembler programming really is simpler than you imagined. I hope that you enjoyed this too! The next installment will demonstrate how you can use a simple microcontroller like the PIC12F as a substitute for the NE timer.

IK Web Links Figure Dice code: Jumping straight to the demo routine. Dice code : Display routines. Dice code [1] PIC12F www. Here we use one such app to control LEDs and relays and to display the status of inputs on a PC or tablet. Modular hardware brings greater flexibility. For electronics hobbyists communicating with external hardware is of particular interest, with a wide range of possible uses.

Touch-based operation and a mod- ern, minimalistic user interface are ideal for many control applications. The apps can be run on a conventional desktop PC, on a notebook or on a tablet. Home-made microcontroller-based hardware can be connected to the USB port, allowing com- munication to occur in both directions. Hardware For our simple project we will make use of an Arduino Uno single-board computer equipped with some expansion hard- ware that has appeared several times in previous Elektor magazine projects.

At Elektor Labs we have designed our own Shield [2a] that allows external hardware such as relays to be connected to the Arduino. RS signaling is relatively immune to interference and so connec- tions can be made over long distances. But the most important aspect is the possibility of connecting additional hard- ware, and this is readily done using the pin Embedded Extension Connector provided.

The connector is also known as a Gnublin connector, as the Gnub- lin module designed by Benedikt Sauter and his team can also be attached here. Another module that can be connected is an expansion board carrying eight relays. The hardware modules and their con- nections are shown in Figure 1, and the overall set-up is described at [2b]. Simple control commands The highlight of this project is the firm- ware, which is described at [2b] and which can be downloaded via the web page accompanying this article [1].

Our program then sees a serial COM connection and can use it to transmit and receive data. A terminal emulator program can be used to check that everything is working as it should. The class encapsulates the Windows API calls that have to do with controlling a serial port.

The prop- erties of the class can be managed to set the communication speed, the name of the port and other parameters. This approach works without problems in a conventional Windows desktop application. The sandbox approach improves security, but comes with disadvantages. Direct access to many system functions, to sensors and in particular to external hardware is restricted or impossible. Also, even in the case where the required access is possible, it must be requested by declaring it in the application manifest when the program is developed.

Then, when the app is installed, the user must agree to the requested access permis- sions. In general it is not possible to use system functions for direct access from an app, and in particular the Win32 APIs are not available for use by Store apps. In some cases alternatives are available see Table 1 , but unfortunately not in the case of the serial interface. However, there are some potential solu- tions. With the release of Windows 8. From the app side we use the classes in the namespace Win- dows.

Usb [5]. There is a descrip- tion at [6] of how to talk to the FTDI device using this method, which it would be feasible to use in our case. However, most readers will be more familiar with working with virtual COM ports, and so we have tried to find an alternative approach which allows us to get around the limita- tions of the sandbox.

If these templates are not available on the development machine they must be located on-line see Figure 2. However, the project cannot be included directly as a reference in the app, as this will be rejected by the com- piler; to obtain access to the interface we must do so indirectly, via a proxy.

The proxy is a separate project writ- Table 1. Alternative libraries for low-level access from Store apps [4]. Geolocation Print Windows. Printing Sensors Windows. Sms UPnP Windows. Pnp Windows Portable Devices Windows. Portable WSD Windows. Enumeration www. Adding a project using the Brokered Windows Runtime Component template. No code is implemented within the proxy project: it acts only as a bridge between the Store app and the Windows components.

With all the projects in place we can now set up the necessary references. Ling; using Systes. Text; using Systes. Although the procedures above seem complicated they do not really present an obstacle to the developer. Once the references between the proj- ects have been set up, we do not need to be concerned with them further as we develop our app, and we can simply use the SerialPort class to provide com- munication.

Ry Peckege. Reference from the app to the proxy project. Side loading is therefore only appropri- ate for apps that are not intended for widespread public distribution [9]; for homebrew projects this is not too severe a limitation.

Example app We implemented the ideas above ina Small app which allows a couple of out- puts to be activated and deactivated using buttons, and which also displays the status of the hardware inputs see Figure 5. The user interface can easily be adapted to suit any particular appli- cation, adding simple icons to support intuitive touch-based operation.

The listing shows only the construc- tor for the SP class. It is inside the constructor that the relevant port is selected and the various parameters, including the baud rate, are initialized. Furthermore the constructor can also accept a parameter in the form of a command string as described above, which will be output to the port. Overall software architecture to allow access to the COM port from an app. If it is desired to react to a change in levels on the inputs they must be polled in sequence, for example under control of a timer see the DispatcherTimer class [10].

The example app can control LEDs and relays. Listing 1. Excerpt from the XAML code that describes the user interface for the example app. Windows Store apps can run on tablets and on notebooks; in most cases these have at least one USB port and so an app Listing 2. C code for communicating over the COM port.

GetPortNames ; if ports. Substring port. Parse portNumber ; i j if portInt! None, 8, StopBits. This sit- uation can occur not only as a result of a software failure but also by a powerful electromagnetic event or exposure of the controller to x-rays from sources such as cosmic radiation. In normal operation the WDT will continually be prevented from generating a reset by the regular execution of the WDR Watch Dog Reset instruction performed in a loop somewhere in the pro- gram.

If the instruction is not issued in sufficient time the timer runs out and issues a system reset. They will be configured as inputs with inactive pullups. The advice here is to make sure the WDR command is issued when all other outputs are in a benign state i. When a magnet is brought close to the coil - it has the effect of reducing its inductance. In general if a ferrite core is exposed to a strong magnetic field it can become partially or fully saturated, decreasing its permeability. Using this technique the value of inductance can be adjusted in a range of and can be used to alter the resonant frequency of an LC filter.

There can however be a prob- lem with damping. Using variable capacitor tuning, the bandwidth at the upper end of the fre- quency band is about the same but with variometer tuning the bandwidth becomes wider. Partially magnetizing the ferrite rod of a medium-wave direct-conversion receiver demonstrated this to good effect. Tuning at the lower frequency end of the spectrum is easy but the upper frequency range has poorer sensitivity.

Using components or tools in ways they were never intended to be used? Think your idea to solve a problem is better than the usual method? Have you discovered a work-around that you want to share with us and fellow makers?

But the combination of a PC — the other universal tool — and suitable software renders them superbly. This article explains how you can achieve this using Visual Basic. Fourier analysis, named in honor of the French mathematician who developed it in , identifies in purely arithmeti- cal terms the amplitude of the frequen- Figure 1.

Result of a classic FFT: intensity display of the frequencies up to 25 Hz here contained in a signal extract as lines of varying height. With its help we can represent a signal as a two-dimensional diagram, in which its amplitude is plotted over frequency Figure 1. Representing the spectrum over time is produced by tilting and rotating by 90 degrees , also aligning the display shown in Figure 1. We replace the height of the bars by color values that can be interpreted intuitively Figure 2b.

Today, however, the processing power of normal PCs extends easily to handling digitized audio signals not only in file form but also to calcu- lating informative spectral displays from this data at lightning speed, without any need for specialized hardware. Time vs. The FFT versus Time analysis adopted in the program shown here goes one step further.

It generates not just the static spectrum of a defined signal segment but also captures consecutive time intervals Figure 2a. In this way we can display the variation of the frequencies contained in a Signal as a spectral progression even over lengthy periods of time. To display the results we require three dimensions: time, frequency and intensity. The X-axis corresponds generally to time and the Y-axis to frequency.

The amplitude is rep- resented by the color or brightness of a point in the time-frequency area Figure 2b. This produces a series of color-coded spectra.

A frequency-modulated sinewave tone such as a police siren in a display of this kind appears as bright, horizontal wavy line on a dark background. Formulae and code The Internet offers a vast amount of infor- mation on the subject of FFT, requiring unfortunately a solid mathematical back- ground on account of the complex for- mulae involved.

It is far simpler to go Straight to the code for calculating an FFT. First of all then, here is the VB code Listing 1 for a frequency analysis ata specific moment time interval. A fairly long. The code required for this is not included in the sample script above. To calculate the FFT we require both the buffer Arrays a and b reset to zero before each analysis and the Array grafik for the results, the content of which will be displayed later.

Each value of n therefore indicates the intensity of the frequency in the time domain under examination on a scale from 1 to Only after a complete iteration of the inner loop is a Single intensity value calculated in the frequency scale from O to In the final loop cnt the content of the Arrays a and b are squared, added and the root thereof is taken. This root is the final result and is then stored in the Array graphic. For graphical representation of FFT vs.

Time the results contained in the Array graphic need to be converted into integer color Listing 1. You can find more about this in the commentary to the source code. Saving calculation time For the spectrum of a specified moment in time within a file such as shown in Figure 1 the code listed is completely adequate. Nevertheless several hundred or even thousand analyses of this kind need to be performed sequentially during an FFT versus Time analysis.

To avoid the need to wait several minutes, the execution of the code shown above should ideally last no longer than a couple of milliseconds. We can achieve this with one of many tricks. The expression included in the inner loop: Math.

We then need merely to read out their content and transfer this into the actual FFT loop. Integrated Call Center Software. Contact Center Software. Remote Working Apps. Free Video Conference.

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